医学和生命科学论文翻译的常见问题包括：失实、夸饰、冗词赘语、矛盾、重复、非人化等，本文初步探讨了论文翻译这些问题的对策。
医学和生命科学论文的常见问题包括了失实、夸饰、冗词赘语、矛盾、重复、非人化等，这些问题暴露出了作者科学态度、逻辑思维、理论素养和写作技巧的缺陷，降低到了科学传播的水平，值得各位作者注意。本文分析了这些常见问题，并且初步探讨了这些问题的对策。
失实、夸饰
有些作者喜欢在自己的文章中说自己的工作never reported in the literature, a breakthrough, a new method, a new theo-ry, a new discovery, the first report, 这些“拔高”类词语在学术论文中不用为好。毕竟世界上同类科学文献如烟海，是不是有可能漏查了呢？你没有见到，不见得就存在。所以还是留有余地、有分寸为上。科学家的论文不是因为写了上述词语才能获诺贝尔奖。
冗词赘语
冗词赘语在
英语论文中较普遍，是“中国式
英语”的特征之一，属于常说的“拼写无误，语法不错，但外国读者感到难懂、甚至不懂。”。
原句：Special scrutiny should be given to the assumption that adult patients are aware of gaps and deficiencies in their performance and should there fore be involved with their doctors in a mutual process of setting their treatment programs.
改过：Adult patients who recognize their deficiencies should hilp their doctors to plan their treatment programs.
注:全句37个词，有抽象名词、行话。被动语态用了两次。整个句子内容重复、累赘。归纳起来，简单文字就可说明。
原句：In April 1992,we successfully treated 2patients by percutaneous transluminal excimer laser peripheral angiopla-sty (PTELPA) and in November 1992,6 patients by PTELPA.
改过:We successfully treated 2 patients in April and 6 patients in November 1992 by percutaneous transluminal excimer laser peripheral angioplasty.
注:原句:年份及PTELPA重复，显累赘，不如重写。
原句：Excimer laser coronary angioplasty and percutaneous translrminal coronary angioplasty can complement each other's difficiencies in the treatment of coronary atherosclerotic diseases.
改过：Excimer laser coronary angioplasty and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty can complement each other in the treatment of coronary atherosclerotic diseases .
注:原句:显然受中文影响“互相弥补不足”。在英文中照译则不可，complement each other已经有互补缺陷、不足之义。
原句：With the rehabilitation of sciences in China in the 1980s,many instruments used for visual electrophysiology ha-ve been developed or made in Hangzhou,Ji’nan,Xi’an,Shanghai,Chongqing and Shenzhen so as to meet the needs of the application and research of visual electrophysiology.
注:原句显然是受中文影响死译而成的，词语重复冗繁visual electrophysiology 可避免重复，developed代替made。
Alexander Pope （1688-1744）说过：词汇如叶片，太多了，深层意思就难以体会了（Words are like leaves;and where they most abound, much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found.）说明写作、翻译中一再强调的问题：言贵洗练。每个词要有所指否则便为冗词。
非人化
非人化(dehumanization)语言在医学论文中有泛滥现象。但当是科学刊物，读者是外国人，用词尊重人必须注意，医学离不开人道主义和人权。因此，非人道词语的使用是与先进的高科技医学不相容的。如：
原句：On emergency examination,he was injured and had bilateral basal crackles.
改过：Emergency examination revealed that he had been injured an hand bilateral basal crackles.
注：按原句意思则是在检查时将病人弄伤了，如果是这样，那是医疗事故（malpractice），拿人命作儿戏了。
常见论文中明明说的是patients,标题的“材料与方法”照译成Materials and methods,将人当作材料当然是非人化。如果注意一下，完全可以改过来，用中性的词subjects(对象)比material好。另外一种情况是case与patient不分。Case作病例、病案解，有严格的定义，不能代替patient。
矛盾、重复
原句：Of 25 penicillin-sensitive patients recently treated with cephalothin,one had fatal anaphylactic shock but recov-ered.
改过：Of 25 penicillin-sensitive paients recently treated with cephalothein,one had anaphylactic shock but recovered.
注:原句：中fatal是多余的，用了则显然不合逻辑。休克都可致命，死者不可复生这是常识。
原句：Occurrences of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in nonrelated siblings and thrombocytopenic purpura in a husband and wife have been reported.
改过：Occurrences of hemolytic-ruemic syndrome in siblings and thrombocytopenic purpura in a husband and wife have been reported.
注:siblings的意思就是兄弟姐妹，既然是同胞兄弟姐妹，那有没有关系之理？
原句：The patient complained of daily night sweats,fevers,and extreme fatigue.
改过：The patient complained of night sweats,fevers,and extreme fatigue.
注:night sweats 当然是天天如此，何以加daily,此属画蛇添足，不合逻辑。
原标题：Diagnosis and treatment of internal medicine.
改过：Diagnosis and medication
原句：This finding shows that the measurement of LOH at 3p24 and 7q31 may be an useful predicting marker for the prognosis of breast cancer.
改过：This finding shows that measurement of LOH at 3p24 and 7q31 may be an useful predicting marker for the pro-gnosis of patients with breast cancer.
注:3p24和7q31位点LOH测定是有可能成为乳腺癌病人预见后评价的指标，这里英文中不可缺少patients,中文中常说“什么病预后”，不能在英文中照搬。
原句：The pathological diagnosis was intramuscular hemangioma of the mixed capillary and cavernous type.
改过：Pathological diagnosis showed an intramuscular hemangioma of the capillary and cavernous type.
注:“……诊断是……”不能照搬中文，否则就成笑话。
