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我在《因特网在翻译中的妙用》一文中,向大家介绍了用因特网查找专有名词、技术性术语以及回译的方法,在这篇文章中,我将向大家介绍用什么手段解决英语表达习惯问题,重点介绍翻译时如何确定句子骨架和词语搭配。根据我的实践和教学,我提出以下几个操作步骤:
1. 确定句子的关键词
2. 根据汉英词典查找关键词的英语译法
3. 根据英英词典检验关键词的英语译法是否符合特定上下文的意思;如果不符合……
4. 根据英语同义词词典寻找更为贴切的译法
5.根据英语搭配(用法)词典、语料库等电子手段等确定该关键词的语法搭配(句型)、词汇搭配,从而确定译入语句子框架
6. 把原文各个组成部分按照语法要求逐项纳入该句子框架,注意各成分内部的搭配
当然,并非翻译每个句子都要遵守以上步骤。如果对各种句子结构、搭配都很熟悉、有把握,当然不需要每个地方都查。这些步骤是遇到问题时的解决方法。
下面举例说明。 比如,翻译下面一句话:
中国政府欢迎外国私人资本参与中国的基础设施和基础工业建设
原译:The Chinese government welcomes private foreign capital to invest in China’s infrastructure development and basic industries.
本句话中关键的动词是“欢迎”,根据我们已有的英语知识,翻译为welcome应该不会有问题,所以,我们可以直接用搭配(用法)词典查welcome的用法。下面是The Collins Cobuild Student’s Dictionary Online 对welcome一词用法的解释:
1. If you welcome someone, you greet them in a friendly way when they arrive.
He moved eagerly towards the door to welcome his visitor.
Welcome n.
I was given a warm welcome by the President.
2. You can say `Welcome' to someone who has just arrived.
Welcome to Peking.
Welcome back.
3. If someone is welcome in a place, people are pleased when they come there.
All members of the public are welcome.
4. If you tell someone that they are welcome to do something, you are encouraging them to do it.
You will always be welcome to come back.
5. If you welcome something new, you approve of it and support it.
I warmly welcomed his proposal.
6. If something that happens or occurs is welcome, you are pleased about it or approve of it.
This is a welcome development.
可以看出,动词welcome有6种用法,我们使用welcome一词时,应符合这6种用法之一。根据本句所需表达的意思,我们可以选择第4项、第5项或第6项用法作为句子框架:
第4项用法:Someone is welcome to do something.
改译1. Private foreign investors are welcome to invest in China’s infrastructure and basic industries.
为符合该句型的要求,我们把“物”(资本)改为“人”(投资者)。原文的主语“中国政府”没地方加入,但这可以从上下文推断出来,所以,不译也可以。如果你不知道“基础设施”的英语是infrastructure,而是直接译为basic facilities,需要上网查一查有没有这个搭配。结果发现有这一说法,意思与该句相符,理应不算错。基础产业是否basic industries?上网查一查也发现有这一搭配。
第5项用法:Someone welcomes something.
改译2. The Chinese government welcomes private foreign investments in China’s infrastructure and basic industries.
第6项用法:Something is welcome.
改译3. Private foreign investments are welcome in the development of China’s infrastructure and basic industries.
是否可以用A welcomes B to do something?这似乎是我们期待的句型,但字典中却没有说明。如果存在这一句型,则本句也可以翻译为:
改译4. The Chinese government welcomes private foreign investors to invest in China’s infrastructure and basic industries.