深圳专业翻译公司华博译漆经理整理发布
2、具体化(specification)
与概略化的方向相反,翻译过程中如果译者在译语中使用同一语义层次的等值词将影响读者对译文的理解时,具体化策略要求读者下行一个层次寻找等值词(下义词) 。例如:
The house was overrun with ivy , its chimney beingenlarged by the boughs of the parasite to the aspect ofthe ruined tower. The lower rooms entirely given over tothe birds , who walked about them with a proprietaryair , as though the place had been built by themselves ?
译文:草房上面爬满了爬山虎,房上的烟囱都叫这种附生植物的枝叶缠得变粗了,看着好像一座废圮了的高阁。楼下的屋子全是那些公鸡母鸡的领土,它们在那儿走来走去把主人翁的架子摆得十足,好像盖这所房子的就是它们自己。
(张谷若译《苔丝》)
显而易见, 在源语文本中的“birds”指的是“鸡”。因此,如果直接译成“鸟”或“鸟纲动物”,则将出现欠额译文。
3、语境增益(contextual amplification)
语境增益是指在译语中为读者提供额外的明晰的背景信息,而这些信息在源语中没有,因为读者不需要这些信息就能正确理解文本。语境增益是避免误译、尤其是避免欠额翻译最重要的策略之一,它能通过弥补译语读者的知识缺口来增益读者的背景知识和理解能力,从而避免令人不解或误解译文的出现。例如:
??又向众人道:“当日娥皇女英洒泪竹上成斑??” (曹雪芹《红楼梦》)
译文: ??She told the others ,“when the Emperor Shun died , his two queens turned into the river goddess and their tears became the spots you find on thebamboos that grow on the banks of river. ”
( Hawkes ,“The Story Of The Stones”)
可以毫不夸张地说,如果在译文中没有语境增益,几乎没有译语读者会知道这句话源自湘妃的传说,这也意味着欠额译文的出现是不可避免的。
